Learning that you need heart surgery often brings worry, doubts, or even anxiety.
These reactions are completely normal and are often fueled by fear of the unknown. Gaining a better understanding of how the procedure will unfold can usually help ease this anxiety.
Preoperative Tests
Several tests are required before surgery. In general, a complete medical evaluation is ordered, which includes an electrocardiogram, a chest X-ray, and bloodBlood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells make up our immune defense system. Platelets contribute to blood tests. Additional tests may be requested depending on the clinical situation.
Possible Pre-admission Appointment
In most hospitals that offer cardiac surgery, a preparatory visit can be arranged. This appointment allows for some one-time tests to be completed and for the necessary forms to be filled out.
It is important to bring a complete list of current medications. Some of these may need to be stopped ahead of the procedure, a decision made in consultation with the surgical team.
Hospital Admission and Final Preparations
Hospital admission usually takes place the day before the operation. All regularly used medications must be brought along.
Before Leaving Home
It is recommended not to bring valuables to the hospital. Since personal belongings follow the patient through different care units, it is safer to leave valuable items at home.
The Morning of Surgery
A complete fast is required starting at midnight the night before the surgery. However, some medications may be taken with a small amount of water, following the exact instructions provided by the healthcare team.
Heading to the Operating Room
Before heading to the operating room, a hospital gown will be provided. Underwear, socks, jewelry, and watches are not allowed.
In addition, nail polish should be avoided, as it can interfere with the monitoring of certain vital signs during the procedure.
Duration of the Procedure
Anesthesia preparation usually takes about 30 to 60 minutes. The surgery itself typically lasts between 2 and 4 hours.
Once the procedure is complete, the patient is transferred to the intensive care unit for immediate postoperative monitoring.
Risks Associated with the Surgery
Heart surgery is performed widely around the world and is considered very safe. The risk of serious complications from the procedure is estimated at around 1 to 2%.
Although rare, these complications can include major events such as death, stroke, or coma.
These may occur during the surgery, immediately afterward, or in the days following the operation.
Other Possible Risks
Less serious but more common complications can also occur.
These include:
- Cardiac arrhythmias (irregular or abnormal heartbeats), which are observed in about one-third of patients;
- The need for a bloodBlood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells make up our immune defense system. Platelets contribute to blood transfusion;
- Infections at the surgical site or in the lungs;
- And, in some cases, temporary kidney dysfunction.
The extent of the risks may vary depending on several factors, such as age, medical history, and the presence of chronic illnesses. Each clinical situation is unique.
Surgical Consent
Signing the surgical consent form confirms that all essential information regarding the planned procedure—especially the risks associated with the surgery—has been clearly and understandably explained. This is an important step in the surgical process.
What Happens After Surgery?
Once the procedure is complete, the patient is taken to the intensive care unit for close monitoring during the first few hours. They are still under the effects of anesthesia and connected to monitors that closely track vital signs such as bloodBlood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells make up our immune defense system. Platelets contribute to blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing.
Waking up is a gradual process. The breathing tube is removed as soon as spontaneous breathing is sufficient. Pain is well managed with appropriate medication, and a medical team oversees every step of recovery.
Gradual Return to Normal
The days following surgery are focused on regaining strength step by step. Patients begin getting out of bed, walking, and eating—always under the supervision of the healthcare team. The hospital stay usually lasts between 5 and 7 days, depending on the person’s overall condition and recovery pace.
Hospital Instructions
The first time getting out of bed typically happens very early after surgery, with the assistance of medical staff. Once this milestone is safely reached, walking regularly—even short distances—is encouraged, gradually increasing the effort.
Breathing exercises are essential to help reopen the lungs. These exercises should be done several times a day using a small device, especially after surgery involving a heart-lung machine, to reduce the risk of lung complications.
Coughing also plays an important role in clearing the airways. Since coughing can be painful after chest surgery, using a cushion is recommended. Holding it firmly against the chest often makes the pain more manageable during coughing.
Returning Home
Before discharge, the patient receives their prescriptions along with a list of upcoming follow-up appointments.
Specific instructions are provided regarding which physical efforts to avoid, how to gradually resume activities, how to care for the surgical wound, and the importance of following the prescribed treatment.
A full recovery usually takes between 6 and 8 weeks.
See also: Returning Home After Heart Surgery
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